The Purpose of Dissenting Opinions in the Supreme Court

A dissenting opinion is an opinion written by a justice who disagrees with the majority opinion. In the U.S. Supreme Court, any justice can write a dissenting opinion, and this can be signed by other justices. Judges have taken the opportunity to write dissenting opinions as a means to voice their concerns or express hope for the future. What Happens When a Supreme Court Justice Dissents? The question is often asked why a judge or Supreme Court justice might want to write a dissenting opinion since, in effect, their side lost. The fact is that dissenting opinions can be used in a number of key ways. First of all, judges want to make sure that the reason why they disagreed with the majority opinion of a court case is recorded. Further, publishing a dissenting opinion can help make the writer of the majority opinion clarify their position. This is the example given by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in her lecture about dissenting opinions. Secondly, a justice might write a dissenting opinion in order to affect future judgments in cases about situations similar to the case in question. In 1936,  Chief Justice Charles Hughes stated that â€Å"A dissent in a Court of last resort is an appeal...to the intelligence of a future day...† In other words, a justice might feel that the decision goes against the rule of law and hopes that similar decisions in the future will be different based on arguments listed in their dissent. For example, only two people disagreed in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case that ruled that African-American slaves should be viewed as property. Justice Benjamin Curtis wrote a forceful dissent about the travesty of this decision. Another famous example of this type of dissenting opinion  occurred when Justice John M. Harlan dissented to the  Plessy v. Ferguson  (1896) ruling, arguing against allowing racial segregation in the railway system. A third reason why a justice might write a dissenting opinion is in the hope that, through their words, they can get Congress to push forward legislation to correct what they see as issues with the way the law is written. Ginsburg talks about such an example for which she wrote the dissenting opinion in 2007. The issue at hand was the time frame within which a woman had to bring a suit for pay discrimination based on gender. The law was written quite narrowly, stating that an individual had to bring suit within 180 days of the discrimination occurring. However, after the decision was handed down, Congress took up the challenge and changed the law so that this time frame was greatly extended.   Concurring Opinions   Another type of opinion that can be delivered in addition to the majority opinion is a concurring opinion. In this type of opinion, a justice would agree with the majority vote but for different reasons than listed in the majority opinion. This type of opinion can sometimes be seen as a dissenting opinion in disguise. Sources Ginsburg, Hon. Ruth Bader. The Role of Dissenting Opinions. Minnesota Law Review. Sanders, Joe W. The Role of Dissenting Opinions In Louisiana. Louisiana Law Review, Volume 23 Number 4, Digital Commons, June 1963.

Search For The Origins Of Evil - 2011 Words

Searching for the origins of evil is one of history’s most difficult problems. While there are varying answers and approaches to the answer, we know that evil does not exist as a singular substance within the universe, therefore making determining the origins of evil more complicated and contentious. Throughout history, many ideas and narratives have been told that attempt to justify the existence of evil within the world. Stories range from evil being released through Pandora’s box to it existing as the dissatisfaction of the gods of different offerings or human progress. â€Å"In the beginning, God create the heavens and the earth† (Gen. 1:1). As it stood for the Judeo-Christian tradition, this event marked the beginning of Creation and existence. It also represented the creation of existing notions of time and space. The one thing that the narratives lack is the origin of evil within the universe that is created by God. God, as according to the Judeo-Christian tradition, is an omniscient, omnipotent, and perfectly benevolent being. It is here that evil, as we know it in our own lives, seems to contend with the idea of a God being through the Judeo-Christian tradition. Many philosophers, poets, authors, and artists tried to consider ways of conceiving a perfect God through the existence of evil in the world. It becomes the goal of many authors and philosophers to find ways to justify the existence of God as being compatible with the existence of evil found within the worldShow MoreRelatedOrigins of Morality Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagestimes, master morality was the norm; a morality that favors those superior in strength, beauty, intelligence, and status. Master morality preceded slave morality. Friedrich Nietzsche was a philologist, who used his knowledge of words to trace the origins of morality from their ancient definitions. 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Atlantic Slave Trade Free Essays

The Atlantic trade, popularly known as the triangular or transatlantic trade, began in the 15th century. It became more popular when a peculiar but well paying commodity replaced gold. This was slave trade and its popularity increased in the 17th and 18th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Atlantic Slave Trade or any similar topic only for you Order Now The explosive slave trade emanated from an insatiable need for a work force in European empires. The names triangular and transatlantic trades come from the shape it made on the map (Evans, 2010). Atlantic Slave Trade Course In the European perspective, slavery was the best business they ever did around the 17th and 18th century. Many ships docked at her harbors loaded with slaves who were the most profitable commodity. They boosted her economy to great heights. The slave trade formed a trade route that was most profitable; the Atlantic slave trade. The trade’s organization was a triangle where the following took place; Ships left Europe for Africa with trade goods, which were exchanged with slaves. The ships would then head to America with the slaves and sell them there. The ships would then return to Europe with agricultural products such as rum, sugar, cotton, and tobacco (See attached image) (Mbamara, 2006). Africans were the best workforce since they were immune to many tropical diseases. They were also experienced in the jobs the Europeans had for them. These involved cattle keeping, and agriculture. They were also accustomed to hard labor. This made the trade grow, as the Europeans required them in large numbers. The transatlantic trade was most important to the Europeans since every stop translated into huge profits. Slave trade was clearly immoral but the profits it came with subdued these concerns. Some of the activities the slaves carried out included sugar production, mining, as well as the harvesting of tobacco, cotton, and coffee. (Mbamara, 2006). Africans on the other hand were into this thriving trade whereby they sold their own. They however made it hard for the Europeans to penetrate their land as they had erected a military power. The Europeans on the other hand feared penetrating Africa as they feared the tropical diseases. There existed African merchants who were contracted by the Europeans to get them slaves from the interior. The coast had few slaves and Europeans had to spend months trying to get enough slaves for their shiploads (Klein, 2010). The Africans put barriers and this left the Europeans with no choice but peaceful trade. The Africans went ahead to hike their demands on the Europeans. They introduced local taxes for anyone who wished to purchase slaves. This way, they were in full control of their market. This forced the Europeans to cough up to  £375 per ship and only then would they be permitted to trade. This amount covered a royal tax, pay for royal officials and interpreters. They then had to pay an exportation tax. These taxes were subject to fluctuations in demand and supply. Africans capitalized on this trade by selling water and other supplies to the Europeans who would spend months at the coast negotiating for the slaves. The largest numbers of slaves were provided by the Whydah and the Dahomey (Klein, 2010). In 1807, a law to abolish slave trade in Britain and other powers involved in the trade was passed. By 1833, all slaves had been emancipated and sent back to their homelands. In 1815, France withdrew from slave trade and other powers followed suit. Around the 19th century, the Atlantic slave trade had diminished. Historians speculate that the economic factors that led to the decline of the slave trade are that the plantations they worked in had become unproductive economically. They also feel that may be Britain had made enough money and was thus becoming independent. This may have made slave trade less appealing to the home economy (Hardy, 2005). Conclusion The transatlantic slave trade was beneficial to both the Europeans and the Africans chiefs and kings. The Europeans got a work force for their plantations and mines. They also benefited from agricultural products from America. The African royalties got revenue out of the slaves they sold. The decline of the transatlantic trade is partially attributed to abolishment of slave trade and economic incentives. However, the slave trade was demeaning to the human race and it is a great thing to scrap it off regardless of the reasons behind it. How to cite Atlantic Slave Trade, Papers

Atlantic Slave Trade Free Essays

The Atlantic trade, popularly known as the triangular or transatlantic trade, began in the 15th century. It became more popular when a peculiar but well paying commodity replaced gold. This was slave trade and its popularity increased in the 17th and 18th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Atlantic Slave Trade or any similar topic only for you Order Now The explosive slave trade emanated from an insatiable need for a work force in European empires. The names triangular and transatlantic trades come from the shape it made on the map (Evans, 2010). Atlantic Slave Trade Course In the European perspective, slavery was the best business they ever did around the 17th and 18th century. Many ships docked at her harbors loaded with slaves who were the most profitable commodity. They boosted her economy to great heights. The slave trade formed a trade route that was most profitable; the Atlantic slave trade. The trade’s organization was a triangle where the following took place; Ships left Europe for Africa with trade goods, which were exchanged with slaves. The ships would then head to America with the slaves and sell them there. The ships would then return to Europe with agricultural products such as rum, sugar, cotton, and tobacco (See attached image) (Mbamara, 2006). Africans were the best workforce since they were immune to many tropical diseases. They were also experienced in the jobs the Europeans had for them. These involved cattle keeping, and agriculture. They were also accustomed to hard labor. This made the trade grow, as the Europeans required them in large numbers. The transatlantic trade was most important to the Europeans since every stop translated into huge profits. Slave trade was clearly immoral but the profits it came with subdued these concerns. Some of the activities the slaves carried out included sugar production, mining, as well as the harvesting of tobacco, cotton, and coffee. (Mbamara, 2006). Africans on the other hand were into this thriving trade whereby they sold their own. They however made it hard for the Europeans to penetrate their land as they had erected a military power. The Europeans on the other hand feared penetrating Africa as they feared the tropical diseases. There existed African merchants who were contracted by the Europeans to get them slaves from the interior. The coast had few slaves and Europeans had to spend months trying to get enough slaves for their shiploads (Klein, 2010). The Africans put barriers and this left the Europeans with no choice but peaceful trade. The Africans went ahead to hike their demands on the Europeans. They introduced local taxes for anyone who wished to purchase slaves. This way, they were in full control of their market. This forced the Europeans to cough up to  £375 per ship and only then would they be permitted to trade. This amount covered a royal tax, pay for royal officials and interpreters. They then had to pay an exportation tax. These taxes were subject to fluctuations in demand and supply. Africans capitalized on this trade by selling water and other supplies to the Europeans who would spend months at the coast negotiating for the slaves. The largest numbers of slaves were provided by the Whydah and the Dahomey (Klein, 2010). In 1807, a law to abolish slave trade in Britain and other powers involved in the trade was passed. By 1833, all slaves had been emancipated and sent back to their homelands. In 1815, France withdrew from slave trade and other powers followed suit. Around the 19th century, the Atlantic slave trade had diminished. Historians speculate that the economic factors that led to the decline of the slave trade are that the plantations they worked in had become unproductive economically. They also feel that may be Britain had made enough money and was thus becoming independent. This may have made slave trade less appealing to the home economy (Hardy, 2005). Conclusion The transatlantic slave trade was beneficial to both the Europeans and the Africans chiefs and kings. The Europeans got a work force for their plantations and mines. They also benefited from agricultural products from America. The African royalties got revenue out of the slaves they sold. The decline of the transatlantic trade is partially attributed to abolishment of slave trade and economic incentives. However, the slave trade was demeaning to the human race and it is a great thing to scrap it off regardless of the reasons behind it. How to cite Atlantic Slave Trade, Papers

Overview of Art Activism Essay Example For Students

Overview of Art Activism Essay Art activism is the practice of vigorous action as a means of creating political or personal goals by use of art. The type of activists practicing now varies greatly, from street artists to conceptual sculptors. Regardless of the medium, everyone has a common purpose for his or her work †attempting to create awareness and change. Embracing the creative nature of humans, artists send messages using visual content; forcing viewers to not only look but also feel the passion within them. The movement of advocacy is considered a phenomenon throughout the 21st century †demonstrating that your voice can be heard around the world if you shout loud enough. Conditional to the period in history, the description for art activism has been constantly evolving. Art activists first gained attention in the early 20s when World War I began. Notable painters and sculptors from around the world came together to protest against the bourgeois ideologies they believed led to war. Referred to now as the Dadaist Movement, artists organized public gatherings, demonstrations, and publication of art and literary journals to protest the reason and logic of their conservative capitalist society. Marcel Duchamp †a popular multi-media artist, initiated one of the more infamous stories of his time when he submitted a store bought urinal, Fountain, to a annual high-society exhibition for the Society of Independent Artists. Because all artists were commissioned by the society, there was no jury for the work submitted, so it was considered appalling when the show committee insisted that Fountain was not art, and rejected it from the show. Duchamp had hoped for this reaction; only further confirming his objection the ideologies of society. Although Fountain was never displayed, the orthodox subjectivity of the art world in that era lives in infamy. Looking back on Dadaism, most would think the results of their efforts seem miniscule considering the continuance of war. However, their radical demonstrations and forward thinking brought us into Modernism. I believe the true beauty of advocating through art is the ability to use creative minds to bring innovative and resonating ideas. Today we have street artists who take public spaces and turn everyday objects into thought provoking works of art. A few days ago I read an article about a graphic designer in Israel who was drained by the hate between his people and Iranians. Taking a chance, he created a notecard-size poster with the phrase Iranians, We Love You ? and posted it on Facebook. Within a month, it caught major attention across the world. The power of design combined with social technology turned this small idea into a massive anti-war campaign. Across the world ideas are being brought into existence, forcing people to face reality in a way that is incredibly remarkable. Hearing things about art activism peaked my curiosity and desire to get involved somehow so when I was told about a demonstration for to the political art project, One Million Bones, I jumped on the opportunity. Their mission is to raise awareness for the mass genocides currently going on in parts of Africa. To do so, they make ceramic bones and have public installations all across the U. S. June 10th of this year their final installation and silent protest will be held at the Mall in Washington, D. C. That day the mall will be silent as thousands of people from across the country come together dressed in white, to lay down one million hand-made bones on the floor in remembrance of those lost. I had the privilege to participate in a smaller demonstration. I came to a small park dressed in white with no expectations and left with a whole new frame of mind. The act was simple. .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 , .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 .postImageUrl , .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 , .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27:hover , .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27:visited , .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27:active { border:0!important; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27:active , .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27 .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5db9dd29b301baecb29eaaec87a95e27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 15th Century - Early Italian Renaissance Art - With ImagesWe laid out the five thousand handmade bones that had been gathered in our area in an intricate path illustrating the four corners of the world. The complete silence was emotional. You were left with your thoughts and awareness what was occurring. I couldnt believe how much effort was put into each ceramic bone. Each bone on its own had a life, and with all the other thousands of bones it took on a whole new existence That project inspired me to advocate for a cause I am personally passionate about. In October, I created the on-going exhibition I named Suicide: An Individuals perspective. Considering my audience and the facts of suicide I came up with an interactive exhibition not for the faint of heart. More than likely, everyone had been directly affected by suicide whether it be a loss of a friend, family member, or even a classmate. This exhibit displayed artists work that shares different perspectives on the subject. Incorporating an aspect of viewer participation, I attempted to stimulate the viewers by asking each individual write a note to a loved one who hypothetically decided to take there lives. I asked them to write what they would say to them in there last moments. Every note was attached to a string over the artworks. My hope was that before anyone walked through the exhibition they would already feel emotionally tied to suicide, or even the distant possibility, and because of that connection they are now more aware. During primary school, I came across a quote from the Impressionist painter Edgar Degas. In it he stated, Art is not what you see, its what you make others see. ? Immediately I disagreed still remember that distinct feeling of confusion. I went back and re-read it several times to make sure I had fully understood, and I had †Degas was a moron. I couldnt stop wondering why a strangers opinion of my work would be more important then my own. I came back to it recently and laughed at my ballsy remark about a renowned painted who had lived many more lifetimes than I. More than that I felt inspired †inspired because I know that Edgar Degas was simply reminding us of the opportunity all creative individuals are given †the ability to make people see.